Ruang Personal (Personal Space), Privasi (Privacy), Teritorialitas (Territoriality).

Private room (private room)

A person perceives the surrounding space as a whole with its content, and not only. If the contents of this space are other people, then people immediately create a certain distance between themselves and other people, and this is largely due to the quality of the relationship between these people.
Expressions in everyday sentences can see how the quality of human relationships actually happens. For example, an employee said to a colleague, "Our new manager is still part of my family." This phrase means that even if an employee in the office has to keep a distance between himself and the director, at home he can speak more freely, standing next to the director. Or if a husband says to his wife, "I've been feeling more and more distant from you lately." This means that he feels that his wife no longer wants to be physically close to him in any way. However, at first, the husband had no problems with physical intimacy with his wife.
So, it is clear that the distance that a person takes from other people (people) in everyday life is very important depending on the attitude and vision of this person in relation to other people (people). The closer you feel, the closer you are to accepting distance. On the other hand, the other person can also predict what the first person's attitude and vision is towards him or her and how the first person will keep their distance. If your reaction makes you feel like you're getting closer, it means you miss the person you're talking to. However, if the reaction to the appeal brings the distance even closer, this means that the person welcomes close relationships. That is, in environmental psychology, this distance between individuals is also a means of communication.
As a means of communication between individuals, it is the perception of one's personal space (personal space). JD Fisher and others define personal space as a virtual boundary that surrounds us, something that other people should not cross.
The definition was very similar to Holahan's. It is like a balloon or a tube that surrounds us in personal space, and this tube expands and contracts depending on what is in front of us. According to Hall (1963), there are 4 types of personal distance spaces, namely:
1. Intimate distance (0-18 inches / 0-0.5 m), which means having sex, hugging between lovers, friends or family, or participating in sports such as wrestling and review.
2. Personal distance (18 inches - 4 khaki / 0.5 - 1.3 m), that is, the distance for a conversation between two friends or between people who know each other.
3. Social distance (4 - 12 khaki / 1.3 - 4 m), that is, for formal relationships such as business, etc.
4. Public distance (12 - 25 khaki / 4 - 8.3 m), that is, for more formal relationships, such as teachers or actors with their presence.
In addition, the role of this personal space as a communication tool can be especially explored, Hall said. The study of personal space begins with the science of proxemics (proxy = distance), that is, the science of space as a medium of human contact. One of the methods used in proxemics is the stopping path procedure, in which the subject (op) is asked to sit or stand in a certain place and gradually approach another (nearest) one. If the operation is annoying or disturbing, he should ask the other person to stop and the experiment leader (pp) will record the distance between the operation and the other person when he stops. This distance shows the personal space chosen by the person concerned. again it is seen that how far the operation approaches and under what circumstances it approaches depends on the operation and the type of opera itself.
Heschka and Nelson (1972) stated that one of the determinants of differences in distance in personal space depending on the individual is the sex of the individual. Both the woman and the worshiper turn away when talking about the opposite sex. On the other hand, in the case of an interlocutor of the same gender, a woman will reduce her personal space if the interlocutor is known. The closer you get, the less personal space you have. However, for men, same-sex intimacy does not affect personal space in any way. That is, it is the same distance for men, regardless of the level of intimacy of the relationship between the people involved.
The age factor also affects a person's personal space. In general, the older a person is, the more personal space they will set up for certain people. Teenagers, for example, will have more personal space for the opposite sex than for children. On the other hand, children are more aloof from strangers than teenagers or adults.
At what age does a person begin to create this personal space? There are different opinions about this. According to their researchers, Duke and Wilson (1973) and Ebert and Lepper (1975) indicated that personal space begins between 45 and 63 months. However, other researchers point to a higher age. Altman (1975) noted that personal space only increases during adolescence.
In addition, it has been proven that personality type affects a person's personal space. Duke and Nowitzki noted that people with external personality types (who feel that things in themselves are more determined by external factors) need a greater distance from personal space than people with internal types (who feel that everything is more specific to them).
Another researcher, Cook (1970), also suggested that extraverted types (more open to others) require less distance from personal space than introverted types (more self-oriented).
In addition, Holahan reported that a person's ethnic and cultural background also affects their personal space. For example, Germans are more formal in communicating with other people and therefore more distant. If their personal space is violated, the attitude becomes abusive. On the other hand, the British also preserve personal space over long distances, but even more so because they do not want to invade someone else's personal space. They whisper to friends if there is a third person who wants to keep their personal space. However, the Americans perceived this action as unpleasant, since one might think that this was a secret that a third party should not have known.
Another Arab, they need to be very close in communication. Same-sex men hug and kiss, even smelling the other person's body odor is a necessary part of communication.
Finally, this variability in personal space is also influenced by the environmental conditions in which people interact with each other. A narrow space needs more space than a large space. Partitions reduce the feeling of intrusion into personal space. In the dark, people tend to touch sales.

relationship between space and personal environment

It is the relationship between personal space and the environment, which is related to the restrictions surrounding this personal space, and if these restrictions are changed or if the person feels uncomfortable, this will lead to a change in the environment. For example, if you get on a bus but disturb the other passengers, it will of course upset the other passengers.
From the description above, of course, this can block that privacy, territory, and personal space with the environment, and can pose a security risk if not used correctly.

Privacy (Privacy)

Earlier it was said that the Germans tend to keep their distance from their interlocutors. This large private space was also consistent with his tendency to make thick doors and soundproof rooms. In other words, minimizing outside interference. In environmental psychology, the initial symptoms of private life.
The secret is in the desire or desire not to disturb the loneliness of a person. If we borrow the term psychoanalysis, then it means the desire to protect myself from disorders that do not judge my personal life.
One day, Holahan developed a tool to measure the level and types of privacy (the privacy scale) and saw that there were 6 types of privacy divided into two groups.
1. The first group is the desire not to disturb yourself physically. This group manifests itself in three types of withdrawal behavior:
a. he likes to be alone (loneliness).
b. be prepared to stay away from the sight and noise of neighbors or after traffic (isolation).
contra promises to be with certain people (eg family) or only certain people (eg girl) (eg girl) but away from everyone else.
2. The second set is the desire to preserve self-expression, which is considered necessary for informational behavior (information control). This category includes three types of privacy:
a. make sure you maintain your identity (anonymity);
b. how not to show yourself to others (restraint); D
cons likes not to mess with neighbors (not neighbors).
Especially the second group of privacy types shows a tendency to hide something about themselves. But there is a significant difference between privacy and confidentiality (secrecy). According to Warren and Lastlett (1977), the difference between them is that privacy is an individual right recognized by society, while public secrecy has a negative connotation that society does not like and that there is no other concept than individual rights. . .
From the description above, it seems that privacy is the essence of personal space. According to Holahan, privacy is the desire or willingness to control physical access to information and information from other parties, while personal space is the realization of privacy as space. So this privacy also has a function and is part of the communication. Holahan says that sometimes, for example, being able to avoid yourself or someone you don't like makes a relationship with that person unpleasant compared to being able to avoid it altogether.
In addition, privacy also serves to develop a personal identity that recognizes and appreciates itself. If privacy is violated, especially constantly, a process of social nudity arises, that is, the feeling that everyone knows their secrets, is ashamed to face other people. In addition, there is also a process of deindividuation where people feel that they no longer value their own identity because they no longer care about their own self-esteem and the dignity of others. Such symptoms occur, for example, in people who gossip about personal stories (for example, in the case of artists), or in those who are under constant supervision in a 24-hour psychiatric hospital, who are regularly physically monitored, and toilets are intentionally left inaccessible (interference ). with access). .

Relationship between the world and the environment

The following are issues that affect the ecological situation, where there is someone who has a lot of privacy about the problems they face, who wants to be separated from the environment and can find a place. Surely the environment that surrounds him will also undergo changes, the most striking changes that are taking place are his family. The family was supposed to ask what his problem was, but he closed himself off from his problems. The situation is different with someone who has little privacy regarding the problems he is facing, who tends to share this person with those closest to him, with family and friends, so that their family and friendship environment can match the situation of this person. However, high and low privacy have their own advantages and disadvantages when evaluating the environment. We tend to like people who are too closed or too withdrawn in their daily lives, but we can't open and close each other in the face of problems, so they can regulate the interaction there with privacy.

Territoriality (territoriality)

What is closely related to privacy and personal space is territoriality. As a personal space, it is also a manifestation of the Self, which does not want to violate territoriality. In other words, the epitome of intimacy.
However, if personal space is a virtual capsule that moves with the movements of the stakeholder, then territoriality is a real place, relatively fixed and not moving with the movements of the individual. Territory means a territory or area, and territoriality is an area in which no one's right counts. The bedroom of the house is the land of the tenants. If there are people who are not invited to the bedroom despite being at home, the tenants will feel territorial and angry. Also, if an office parking lot has a "Director" sign in one of the parking lots, other people are expected not to park their cars in that spot because that spot is already director's territory. Another example is benches in a conference room or movie theater. If a seated person wants to go somewhere and does not want someone else to sit in his place while he is away, he leaves something (for example, a notebook, a stack, a card, a postcard) on the chair. Anyone who sees the abandoned facility is expected to know that the bank is already on foreign property, so they won't be able to see it.
From the above description, territoriality can be seen as follows: “Territoriality is a pattern of behavior defined by a group of goods or people in a place or geographic location.
Fisher (1984) argues that property rights or territorial rights are determined by the perceptions of the stakeholder or individuals. This perception may be real (in fact it was), but it may also be a desire to dominate or control a place. Territorial behavior in relation to the bedroom, office space, or national boundaries, for example, is classified as real. However, territoriality is the will to dominate a university bench or a place under the shade of a tree in the Botanical Garden. The problem is that updating this perception can be very subjective. For example, if a liar living in an enclosed town in a big city leaves his shack, he will not want to, because he feels that this shack has become his territory, because he has been in this place for years without addiction. In accordance with the provisions of the Urban Development Service, real estate must be accredited with certain documents in accordance with current regulations. This is where territorial conflicts between the belligerents will arise. If a conflict occurs between two countries fighting over the territory of one country, then a war may break out, such as the Arab-Israeli War or the Gulf War between the allied forces that formed Iraq and Kuwait (1991).
Territorial conflicts can arise because people tend to behave in certain ways regarding ownership or rights to certain territories. Some of these behaviors include saying that the place is their right. So he felt that only he had the right to do something on earth. Sometimes you give an area personal characteristics, such as giving it a name (such as putting up a "Director" sign in a parking lot) and giving the place a special character (such as decorating your office or painting your house to your liking). taste).
After that, he developed territorial thoughts and beliefs, such as the belief that the land he owned was inherited from his ancestors from the time of Majapahit, or the idea that his country is the most beautiful in the world, or the feeling of being the slowest in data. usually he was the smartest. in the morning he came to the conference room and usually sat in the front chair. Finally, once this belief is developed, the people will take action to defend their territory. It is possible to have conflicts with other people who intend to invade the territory.
According to Ley and Cibriwsky (1976), human propensity for territorial aggression is greater than that of animals. the greatest trend will be in situations where territorial boundaries are unclear or disputed. This is why fights between teenage gangs in big cities are more likely to happen if their territory is not clear. On the other hand, if the territorial boundaries are clear and agreed upon by all major parties, there will be much less aggression or territorial conflict.
If the territorial behavior of a person is based on privacy, then the territorial behavior of animals has a slightly different basis. Функция территориальности животных — выживание по Фишеру, то есть стремление сохранить жизнь и сохранить вид. Территориальное поведение этих животных включает создание или проживание в убежищах, хранение материалов в определенных местах, поиск или сбор пищи в определенной местности и защиту молодых животных от нападений животных или других существ. К. Лоренц (1976) предполагает, что импульс, влияющий на территориальное поведение этих животных, носит территориальный характер.
Таким образом, территориальность человека имеет большую функцию, чем функции выживания. Однако у людей эта территориальность функционирует не только как воплощение частной жизни. Кроме того, территориальность имеет также социальные и коммуникативные функции, а также личное пространство. Социальная функция территориальности, например, проявляется в официальных собраниях, где местопребывание каждого человека определяется соответствующими обязанностями, уровнями и должностями. Простой рабочий не осмелился бы сидеть на передовой, когда не было офицеров-мужчин. Кроме того, ребенок не посмеет сесть на отцовский стул в столовой, так как стул считается в доме статусом главы семьи. Итак, территориальность также отражает слои социальных классов в обществе.
В качестве средства коммуникации, помимо личного пространства, территория разделена на несколько групп. Классификация, предложенная Альтманом, выглядит следующим образом:
1. На Первую Территорию, т. е. места очень приватные, могут проникать только люди, близкие к особым отношениям или получившие разрешение. Например, дом и офис.
2. Второстепенная территория, то есть места, которые разделяют несколько людей, которые уже много о ней знают. Например, учебные классы, специальная столовая в офисе, тренировочный зал для спортивного или художественного кружка.
3. Общественные зоны, то есть места, открытые для публики, где в принципе каждый может находиться в том месте. Например, развивающие центры, зоны отдыха и корты открыты для посещения.

Отношения между территорией и окружающей средой

Связь между территориальной инженерией и окружающей средой, в которой территория делится на 3 части: первичную, вторичную и общую. Некоторыми примерами являются рабочие зоны, спальни, где у кого-то неровное рабочее пространство, это также может повлиять на окружающую среду, даже если оно не слишком высокое, второстепенная комната не слишком высокая, ванные комнаты полуобщественного характера и часто посещаемые . много других подобных вещей. если люди не убирают ванную комнату, общество будет чувствовать себя некомфортно. Общим примером территории является очередь карточек, и если вы не стоите в очереди или не соблюдаете порядок при покупке билетов, это приведет к нарушению среды сообщества.